![]() ![]() Howard CV, Reed MG (2005) Unbiased stereology: three-dimensional measurement in microscopy, 2nd edn. Mühlfeld C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Vanhecke D et al (2007) Visualization and quantitative analysis of nanoparticles in the respiratory tract by transmission electron microscopy. ![]() In: Uhlig S, Taylor AE (eds) Methods in pulmonary research. Elsevier, Ireland, pp 1–35įehrenbach H, Ochs M (1998) Studying lung ultrastructure. In: Otis AB (ed) Techniques in the life sciences, part 1: respiratory physiology. Weibel ER (1984) Morphometric and stereological methods in respiratory physiology, including fixation techniques. Weibel ER, Limacher W, Bachofen H (1982) Electron microscopy of rapidly frozen lungs: evaluation on the basis of standard criteria. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 333–344 In: Crystal RG, West JB, Weibel ER, Barnes PJ (eds) The lung: scientific foundations, 2nd edn. Weibel ER, Cruz-Orive LM (1997) Morphometric methods. The procedures are illustrated using a worked example from the authors’ own laboratory. Specifically, this chapter deals with methods for estimating the reference volume, sampling location, and sampling orientation, estimating volumes and surface areas of alveolar compartments, estimating total alveolar number, performing stereology at light and electron microscopic level, and dealing with technical problems such as tissue shrinkage. Here, we describe the workflow from the fixation of the lung over the processing of the tissue samples to gaining estimates on the structural properties of the lung. The methods are based on rigorous sampling of location and orientation, the application of appropriate test systems, and the controlling of the precision of the estimates. The aim of design-based stereological methods is the unbiased and efficient estimation of structural features without making any assumptions on the underlying nature of the biological sample. This chapter deals with the stereological quantification of structural characteristics of the lung. ![]()
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